Muqarnas

[Atila]

El concepto de la "muqarna", o "boveda de estalactitas" en arabe, desarrollado en el siglo X en Iran y Norafrica:

Alhambra, España:

http://torus.math.uiuc.edu/jms/Photos/03/JulE/Alhambra/img503.jpeg
http://torus.math.uiuc.edu/jms/Photos/03/JulE/Alhambra/img508.jpeg
http://torus.math.uiuc.edu/jms/Photos/03/JulE/Alhambra/img514.jpeg
http://torus.math.uiuc.edu/jms/Photos/03/JulE/Alhambra/img515.jpeg
http://torus.math.uiuc.edu/jms/Photos/03/JulE/Alhambra/img548.jpeg
http://torus.math.uiuc.edu/jms/Photos/03/JulE/Alhambra/img563.jpeg
http://torus.math.uiuc.edu/jms/Photos/03/JulE/Alhambra/img570.jpeg
http://torus.math.uiuc.edu/jms/Photos/03/JulE/Alhambra/img572.jpeg
http://torus.math.uiuc.edu/jms/Photos/03/JulE/Alhambra/img573.jpeg
http://torus.math.uiuc.edu/jms/Photos/03/JulE/Alhambra/img588.jpeg
http://torus.math.uiuc.edu/jms/Photos/03/JulE/Alhambra/img595.jpeg

Isfahan, Iran:

http://www.dejkam.com/iran/isfahan/photos/26.jpg
http://home.earthlink.net/~carolmars/tours/imam_mosque_entrance_isfahan.jpg
http://www.babyloniangal.com/files/tours/imam_mosque_2.jpg
http://www.babyloniangal.com/files/tours/imam_mosque_entrance_isfahan.jpg
http://www.syros.aegean.gr/users/nhad/Isfahan/IMG_1527imamMos.JPG
http://www.syros.aegean.gr/users/nhad/Isfahan/img_1525_r1imamMos.JPG
http://tehran.stanford.edu/imagemap/Images/Iran/Esfahan/es10.jpg

Otros ejemplos de muqarnas:

http://www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/groups/ngg/Muqarnas/images/bistam_detail.jpg
http://www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/groups/ngg/Muqarnas/images/sam_column.jpg
http://web.mit.edu/4.614/www/images/1146.jpg
http://www.mrfs.net/trips/2003/Spain/Nasrid_Palace/dome.jpg
http://www.baynardscastle.com/seville/200-164.jpg
http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/dbcourses/murray/large/ma_dj_tinmal_muqarnas_fig8.jpg
http://page.freett.com/almohandes/Sbimarstan/SAlBimaristanAlArgouni121_2vr.jpg
http://candeli.com/egitto/images/DSC00414cairo.jpg

[Lagos]

tzombor...excelente!...

Siempre me ha maravillado, como desarrollaron este tipo de arte, que es exclusivo(eso pienso, no sé)de los arabes .

Y ha permanecido, en esta parte del mundo occidental sin una mayor difusión(entendible).Siempre despierta un tipo de admiración que aún el mas cerrado , no dejará de percibir ,aunque no se dé cuenta ni aprecie en todo su valor estetico, este tipo de pintura-arquitectura.

[Lagos]

http://www.broug.com/images/muquarnas_mosque_al-Aqmar.jpg http://www.broug.com/images/muqarnas_Persianunit.jpg

http://www.broug.com/images/muqarnas_convex%20muqarnas.jpg

[Lagos]

University of Washington
Department of Architecture, Spring 2001

[Computational] Geometry in Islamic Architecture

Instructor: Mamoun Sakkal

Muqarnas, part 2: examples.

Muqarnas is the Arabic word that describes a traditional element unique to Islamic architecture, in which small nich-like components are combined with each other in succesive layers to enclose a space and produce surfaces rich in three-dimentional geometric compositions. These components are called muqarnas blocks (http://www.sakkal.com/islamic_geometry/muqarnas.html).

The blocks are composed with each other according to rules that changed from region to region. Here are two examples from Turkey and Armenia.

http://www.sakkal.com/islamic_geometry/images/sultanhan_dome/sultan-han2-detail.jpg Muqarnas portal in Sultan Han Caravansary
On the Konya-Aksaray road, Turkey, 1229

The 3 blocks of 45 degree family were used in this muqarnas composition on the portal of this Turkish caravarnsaray, or hotel, from the 13th century.

The block described in part one were used to make clusters of repeated forms, then these clusters were repeated to make the complete dome with eight muqarnas layers.

Fig. 1. Detail of muqarnas portal

http://www.sakkal.com/islamic_geometry/images/sultanhan_dome/sultan-han2-05.jpg Fig. 2. The plan of the composition shows the smallest blocks in the middle top of the view. The square blocks come next, then combinations of these with the third block are repeated untill we reach the dome base. The color on the blocks is changed from layer to layer to help in understanding the geometry of the compostion.

The simplest shape for the interior surface of the blocks is used here, where the middle of the block is shaped is divided into two equal regions.

http://www.sakkal.com/islamic_geometry/images/sultanhan_dome/sultan-han0-01.jpg http://www.sakkal.com/islamic_geometry/images/sultanhan_dome/sultan-han2-02.jpg http://www.sakkal.com/islamic_geometry/images/sultanhan_dome/sultan-han2-04.jpg

Fig. 3. Views of the muqarnas portal dome with simple interior surfaces.

http://www.sakkal.com/islamic_geometry/images/sultanhan_dome/sultan-han1-07.jpg Fig. 4. The interior surfaces of the actual muqarnas dome are curved. To make our model in FormWriter, they were simpified to flat surfaces.

In this plan the interior surfaces of the block are adjusted to make them resemble the original more closely. Here the small block has a convex interior surface, the middle block has a concave interior surface, and the large block has a concave interior surface that goes all the way to the back of the block.

http://www.sakkal.com/islamic_geometry/images/sultanhan_dome/sultan-han1-05.jpg http://www.sakkal.com/islamic_geometry/images/sultanhan_dome/sultan-han1-03.jpg

Fig. 5. Views of the muqarnas portal dome with modulated interior surfaces.

http://www.sakkal.com/islamic_geometry/images/gaghard/geghard_plan.jpg http://www.sakkal.com/islamic_geometry/images/gaghard/geghard01.jpg

Muqarnas dome in Geghard Church
Kotayk, Armenia, 1215-1225

This dome is also based on the 45 degree family, but here, the middle block is trimmed to allow for a uniform cluster that has a square shape. This cluster is then repeated to form the complete dome.

Figs. 6 and 7. Plan and interior view of muqarnas dome at Geghard Church.

http://www.sakkal.com/islamic_geometry/images/gaghard/geghard02.jpg http://www.sakkal.com/islamic_geometry/images/gaghard/geghard03.jpg

Figs. 8 and 9. Interior views of muqarnas dome at Geghard Church with two different color schemes.

[Lagos]

http://www.mrfs.net/trips/2003/Spain/Nasrid_Palace/title.gif


http://www.mrfs.net/trips/2003/Spain/Nasrid_Palace/wall_detail.jpg The highlight of the Alhambra is the Nasrid Palace which is in actuality several different palaces connected together. This is part of the walls in the second room in the palace, called the Golden Room. This is where the emirs would have given audiences. The stucco detailing on the walls here is typical for nearly all the rooms in the Nasrid Palace.
http://www.mrfs.net/trips/2003/Spain/Nasrid_Palace/designs.jpg This wall is actually an outside wall, facing into the Patio of the Golden Room (just outside the Golden Room). The sunlight makes this substantially more golden than the inside of the golden room.


http://www.mrfs.net/trips/2003/Spain/Nasrid_Palace/nasrid_courtyard.jpg The next courtyard one comes to is this one, the Patio de los Arrayanes (patio of the Myrtles). This section was the private residence of Emir Yusuf I (1333-1354). The enormous wall rising behind this is the palace of Carlos V (see the Granada page) which was built a couple hundred years later.


http://www.mrfs.net/trips/2003/Spain/Nasrid_Palace/david_courtyard.jpg The rooms around the Patio of the Myrtles are particularly impressive for their marquetry ceilings. The