View Full Version : RAYO POSITIVO, PROBABLE RESPONSABLE DEL DESASATRE DEL COLUMBIA
Positive lightning
Positive lightning makes up less than 5 percent of all lightning. It occurs when the stepped leader forms at the positively charged cloud tops, with the consequence that a negatively charged streamer issues from the ground. The overall effect is a discharge of positive charges to the ground. Research carried out after the discovery of positive lightning in the 1970s showed that positive lightning bolts are typically six to ten times more powerful than negative bolts, last around ten times longer, and can strike several miles or kilometers distant from the clouds. During a positive lightning strike, huge quantities of ELF and VLF radio waves are generated.
As a result of their power, positive lightning strikes are considerably more dangerous. At the present time aircraft are not designed to withstand such strikes, since their existence was unknown at the time standards were set, and the dangers unappreciated until the destruction of a glider in 1999 [4] It has since been suggested that it may have been positive lightning that caused the crash of Pan Am Flight 214 in 1963. Positive lightning is now also thought to be responsible for many forest fires.
Positive lightning has also been shown to trigger the occurrence of upper atmospheric lightning. It tends to occur more frequently in winter storms and at the end of a thunderstorm.
Statistics (based on a small number of measurements): an average bolt of positive lightning carries a current of 300 kiloamperes, transfers a charge of up to 300 coulombs, has a potential difference up to 1 gigavolt (a thousand million volts), dissipates enough energy to light a 100 watt lightbulb for up to 95 years, and lasts for tens or hundreds of milliseconds.
Rayos positivos, que son de 6 a 10 veces mas potentes que los más conocidos rayos negativos. Para los cuales las actuales naves aéreas no estan diseñadas para resistirlos (incluídos transbordadores espaciales).
Un fotógrafo norteamericano tomó la secuencia fotográfica del reingreso del Columbia, descubriendo que instantes antes de la destrucción del transbordador se observaba en una de las fotos, una linea de luz la cual tenía forma de zig-zag y no correspondía con la linea de trayectoria del columbia.
La NASA mantuvo el tema en secreto durante varios meses (manejando el tema de defectos en la estructura provocados por restos de los tanques de combustible). Se realizó una investigación secreta que "concluyó" que el Columbia no había sido destruido por un rayo positivo.
Sin embargo un científico experto en detectar las huellas subsónicas que dejan todo tipo de explosiones (incluidos rayos, explosiones atómicas, terremotos, etc.) detectó con su instrumental una huella subsónica instantes antes de la destrucción del Columbia y que claramente identifica como la huella de un rayo positivo .
Todo esto lo ví en un reportaje en el Discovery Channel este domingo pasado.
Muy pero muy interesante.
Ojalá alguien pueda encontrar más informacion sobre los rayos positivos y la parte que los gringos llaman sprities o algo así, las cuales son una especie de lluvia de partículas de color rojizo que salen de las nubes de tormenta hacia la atmósfera en el mismo punto donde se produce un rayo positivo entre nube y tierra.
¡saludos!
Spiderman
03-08-05, 06:30 PM
Ya sé por qué nadie peló este tema: no subió!!!
:015:
Hay por ahí un bug en el foro.
siguen quedandose respuestas o temas sin aparecer hasta que otro los contesta.
¿No han sabido qué está pasando con ello?
¡saludos!
Spiderman
03-08-05, 08:06 PM
Nada de qué preocuparse... se está trabajando en ello.
Saludos.
:015:
Tapirapi ¿0.0?
04-08-05, 09:29 AM
Mmmh.. creo que ví anunciado el programa, decía que este estudio haría cambiar las normas de vuelos comerciales y del espacio... ¿será este? lástima que no lo pude ver...
El documental del Discovery fue ALUCINANTE.
Yo ni podía creer lo que estaba viendo !!
El tema de los sprites recién se descubrió en 1998 !!!!
Y eso que vamos al espacio desde 1957 y volamos desde antes aún !!
Es INCREIBLE. Doy fe.
Gracias jLospe por traer el tema, me faltaban datos y ahora podré hacer una búsqueda con más referencias.
Spiderman
04-08-05, 01:46 PM
Yo tampoco lo pude ver, pero lo van a estar repetiendo durante este mes.
Te entiendo perfectamente Tannat.
La primera ocasión que ví el documental, no pude despegar mi atención de él.
Todavía varios minutos después de terminado estaba yo tan estupefacto que mi esposa me decía: Ya reacciona Jlospe, reacciona.
La duda que me viene a la mente es ¿por qué -si ya se tiene amplia experiencia en meteorología- no se habían descubierto antes?
¿Serán fenómenos que "apenas" estén apareciendo?
Srerán indicativos de algún cambio climatológico de grandes dimensiones tipo "The day after tomorrow"?
Es muy poca la información al respecto. Habrá que esperar.
¡saludos! :6sw2:
Yo tampoco lo pude ver, pero lo van a estar repetiendo durante este mes.
Parafraseando al buen Tannat, este documental es I M P E R D I B L E.
¡saludos!
Lean este texto de un experimento israelí, el cual pretende observar dichos fenómenos.
Fué realizado por un especialista Israelí ¿donde creen uds?, pues en la última misión del Columbia.
Sprites
Sprites or Transient Luminous Events (TLE’s) are electric discharges between thunderclouds and the upper atmosphere, in other words, striking upward lightnings. They constitute a wide range of optical and electromagnetic phenomena, which occur above the tops of active thunderclouds up to heights of 60-80 km. Although rather common and visible to the naked eye under the right viewing conditions, TLE’s were not observed or accounted for, except, perhaps, in reports of high flying pilots. Nicknamed “red sprites” “elves” and “blue jets”, these discharges were first reported by Franz et al. (1990). Since their discovery they were photographed from ground stations, aircraft, and the space shuttle. Several theories have been suggested to account for the generation of TLEs but none seems to be conclusive.
In the last couple of years, the importance of TLE’s to the global electrical circuit and to the chemistry of the upper atmosphere (including, possibly, the ozone layer) have been recognized, and the field is very active. Studies focus on the relation between the lower thundercloud and its activity to sprite formation and on the morphology of sprites. Others focus on the relation between electromagnetic radiation produced by sprites, and on the ionization processes associated with them.
During an upcoming shuttle flight, Tel-Aviv university is scheduled to fly the MEIDEX (Mediterranean Israeli Dust Experiment) payload, which consists of a digital multi-spectral video camera, a wide-FOV camera and digital VCRs for recording the data. The payload will be operated by an Israeli astronaut in cooperation with a ground team located at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Another team will conduct airborne measurements in the region and sample dust particles. The current date for MEIDEX is winter 2001, for a 16 day mission with 39 degrees inclination, on board the space shuttle Columbia.
It was suggested, that in order to maximize the scientific yield of MEIDEX, targets of opportunities (TOOs) will be defined, among them the imaging of sprites above active thunderstorms. Sprites will not constitute a primary mission in this shuttle flight, but they will be targeted whenever shuttle and experiment resources (astronaut time, attitude maneuver, recording space) can be allocated.
Lightning between Earth and Space; August 1997; by Mende, Sentman, Wescott; 4 page(s)
Since ancient times, lightning has both awed and fascinated people with its splendor and might. The early Greeks, for instance, associated the lightning bolt with Zeus, their most powerful god. And even after a modern understanding of the electrical nature of lightning developed, certain mysteries persisted. Many observers described luminous displays flickering through the upper reaches of the night sky. Some of these curiosities could be explained as auroras or weirdly illuminated clouds, but others were more baffling. In particular, pilots flying through the darkness occasionally observed strange flashes above thunderstorms. But the scientific community largely regarded these reports as apocryphal--until 1990, when John R. Winckler and his colleagues at the University of Minnesota first captured one of these enigmatic phantoms using a video camera. Their images revealed lightning of a completely new configuration.
WincklerÆs achievement ushered in a flurry of activity to document such highaltitude electrical phenomena. And hundreds of similar observations--from the space shuttle, from aircraft and from the ground--have since followed. The result has been a growing appreciation that lightninglike effects are not at all restricted to the lower atmospheric layers sandwiched between storm clouds and the ground. Indeed, scientists now realize that electrical discharges take place regularly in the rarefied air up to 90 kilometers above thunderclouds
Scientific American tiene varios artículos con acceso vía internet.
Solo hay que tener suscripcion.
¡CONSEGUÍ UNA FOTO!
http://www.sciam.com/media/inline/0000E922-F54A-1CCF-B4A8809EC588EEDF_arch1.jpg
Blue Jets May Link Thunderstorms to the Ionosphere
Image: VICTOR PASKO/Penn State University
Most people know lightning as the jagged bolts that jump between clouds and the ground. But lightning flickers above thunderstorms too, where the ghostly flashes have such fanciful names as elves and sprites. Now new evidence, published today in the journal Nature, suggests that one of these especially ephemeral above-storm forms, blue jets--cones of sapphire light that last for up to several hundreds of milliseconds--may connect the cloud top to a layer of electrically charged air known as the ionosphere.
Penn State University researcher Victor Pasko and his colleagues captured the elusive phenomenon on videotape last September from the roof of the Arecibo Observatory's Lidar laboratory, deep in the Puerto Rican jungle. Earlier measurements suggested that blue jets could only reach an altitude of 40 kilometers or so, but the one documented by Pasko's team rose to about 70 kilometers--the lower edge of the ionosphere. Flashes of this magnitude could explain the 300,000-volt difference between the electrical charge of the ground and that of the oppositely charged ionosphere. "Until now," the authors note, "no experimental data related to sprites or blue jets have been reported which conclusively indicate that they establish a direct path of electrical contact between a thundercloud and the lower ionosphere."
Considering that this large blue jet was produced by a type of relatively small thunderstorm that occurs frequently around the world, the team writes, "such cloud-to-ionosphere discharges may be very common in the tropics and may constitute an important, but as yet unaccounted for, component of the global electric circuit." --Kate Wong
¡AHÍ LES VA OTRA!
http://www.sciam.com/media/inline/00052B00-FA6A-1EF9-BA6A80A84189EEDF_1.jpg
Gigantic Jets Connect Thunderclouds to the Ionosphere
Image: AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION
The most common kind of lightning shoots down from clouds toward the ground. More elusive forms, dubbed sprites and blue jets, flit above the clouds. Now scientists have discovered another type of lightning--gigantic jets--that link the tops of clouds to the overlying charged atmosphere, known as the ionosphere.
Previous research had suggested that some blue jets could link clouds to the ionosphere, but they reached altitudes of only 40 kilometers. During a thunderstorm over the South China Sea last summer Han-Tzong Su of the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan and his colleagues recorded five separate gigantic jets that attained altitudes of 90 kilometers. Depending on the shape their upper halves took on, the lightning streaks were classified as tree jets or carrot jets. The scientists report that the jets emerged from the core of the thunderclouds and lasted about half a second. All five jets, the authors write, "establish a direct link between a thundercloud and the ionosphere," and measurements showed that there was a significant flow of current moving charge upward from the clouds. The researchers also detected extremely-low-frequency radio waves that were detected thousands of kilometers away during four of the five events.
The study of so-called transient luminous events (TLEs), which now includes gigantic jets, blue jets, sprites and elves, is still in its infancy, Victor P. Pasko of Penn State University writes in an accompanying commentary. A worldwide survey using Earth-orbiting sensors is being planned, he notes, because "knowing how frequently these events occur will help us to understand their contribution to the global electrical circuit." --Sarah Graham
Y si REALMENTE fuese un fenómeno "reciente" y por ello no teníamos datos previos ?
Sería verdaderamente SORPRESIVO.
Es más... si fuesen relativamente RECIENTES, me hacen acordar a ciertos textos apocalípticos (brrr)
Spiderman
11-08-05, 08:41 PM
Anoche pasaron de nuevo el programa; ora sí lo vi. Resumo con tres palabras:
NO TIENE MADRE! :6sw2:
Raramuri
19-10-05, 11:03 AM
Lamento no haber podido ver el programa pero tengo un dato que a lo mejor les puede interesar.
Hace unos meses la revista American Scientific publicó los trabajos de unos invetigadores de rayos y ellos afirman que la naturaleza del rayo no viene de la ruptura del dielectrico por una diferencia de potencial, como en algún tiempo se creyó, sino debido a que los rayos cosmicos abren un canal conductor por el cual se precipitan las cargas electrostaticas de la atmósfera, estos cazarayos han descubierto que los codos de los rayos se generan debido a las colisiones de electrones que ocurren en estos puntos generando rayos X, y yo que pense que los codos eran para que no se le resbalaran a Zeus.
Con el efecto invernadero, debido al incremento de CO2 y de metano, la energía atrapada en la atmósfera se ha incrementado notablemente, asi que no nos debe de asombrar como todos los fenómenos atmosfericos se están incrementando en fuerza y periodicidad.
Saludos
Marcos Barraza
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